Publications by year
In Press
Agostinete RR, Fernandes RA, Narciso PH, Maillane-Vanegas S, Werneck AO, Vlachopoulos D (In Press). Categorizing ten sports according to bone and soft tissue profiles in adolescents. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
Batrakoulis A, Tsimeas P, Deli C, Vlachopoulos D, Ubago-Guisado E, Poulios A, Chatzinikolaou A, Draganidis D, Papanikolaou K, Georgakouli K, et al (In Press). Hybrid neuromuscular training promotes musculoskeletal adaptations in inactive overweight and obese women: a training-detraining randomized controlled trial. Journal of Sports Sciences
Constable A, Vlachopoulos D, Barker A, Moore S, Soininen S, Haapala E, Väist J, Westgate K, Brage S, Mahonen A, et al (In Press). The independent and interactive associations of physical activity intensity and vitamin D status with bone mineral density in prepubertal children: the PANIC Study. Osteoporosis International
2023
Skinner AM, Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Moore SA, Rowlands AV, Soininen S, Haapala EA, Väistö J, Westgate K, Brage S, et al (2023). Physical activity volume and intensity distribution in relation to bone, lean and fat mass in children.
Scand J Med Sci Sports,
33(3), 267-282.
Abstract:
Physical activity volume and intensity distribution in relation to bone, lean and fat mass in children.
Considering physical activity (PA) volume and intensity may provide novel insights into the relationships of PA with bone, lean, and fat mass. This study aimed to assess the associations of PA volume, PA intensity distribution, including moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) with total-body-less-head bone mineral content (BMC), lean, and fat mass in children. A population sample of 290 Finnish children (158 females) aged 9-11 years from the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children (PANIC) Study was studied. PA, including MVPA, was assessed with a combined heart rate and movement sensor, and the uniaxial acceleration was used to calculate average-acceleration (a proxy metric for PA volume) and intensity-gradient (reflective of PA intensity distribution). Linear regression analyzed the associations of PA volume, PA intensity and MVPA with BMC, lean mass, and fat mass assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. PA volume was positively associated with BMC in females (unstandardised regression coefficient [ß] = 0.26) and males (ß = 0.47), and positively associated with lean (ß = 7.33) and negatively associated with fat mass in males (ß = -20.62). PA intensity was negatively associated with BMC in males (ß = -0.13). MVPA was positively associated with lean mass in females and males (ß = 0.007 to 0.012), and negatively associated with fat mass in females and males (ß = -0.030 to -0.029). PA volume may be important for improving BMC in females and males, and increasing lean and reducing fat mass in males, whereas MVPA may be important for favorable lean and fat outcomes in both sexes.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Iniesta RR, Cook S, Oversby G, Koufaki P, Van der Linden ML, Vlachopoulos D, Williams CA, Urquhart DS (2023). Systematic review and meta-analysis: Associations of vitamin D with pulmonary function in children and young people with cystic fibrosis. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, 54, 349-373.
Skinner AM, Rowlands AV, Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Janz KF, Moore SA (2023). The Influence of Accelerometer Epoch Length on Associations of Physical Activity Intensity and Volume with Bone Outcomes.
Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 117-132.
Abstract:
The Influence of Accelerometer Epoch Length on Associations of Physical Activity Intensity and Volume with Bone Outcomes
Two accelerometer metrics (intensity-gradient and average-acceleration) can be used to determine the relative contributions of physical activity (PA) volume and intensity for health, but it is unknown whether epoch length influences the associations detected. This is important when considering bone health, as bone is particularly responsive to high intensity PA, which may be underestimated by longer epochs. This study aimed to assess the associations between average-acceleration, a proxy measure of PA volume, and intensity-gradient, reflective of PA intensity distribution, from PA data from 1-s to 60-s epochs at age 17 to 23 years with bone outcomes at age 23 years. This is a secondary analysis of 220 participants (124 females) from the Iowa Bone Development Study, a longitudinal study of bone health from childhood to early adulthood. Accelerometer-assessed PA data, captured at age 17 to 23 years, were summarised over 1-s, 5-s, 15-s, 30-s, and 60-s epochs, to generate average-acceleration and intensity-gradient from each epoch length, averaged across ages. Regression analysed associations between mutually adjusted average-acceleration and intensity-gradient with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry assessed total-body-less-head (TBLH) bone mineral content (BMC), spine areal bone mineral density (aBMD), hip aBMD, and femoral neck cross-sectional area and section modulus at age 23 years. Intensity-gradient was positively associated with TBLH BMC in females, with spine aBMD in males, and with hip aBMD and geometry in both sexes, when a 1 to 5-s epoch was used. Average-acceleration was positively associated with TBLH BMC, spine aBMD and hip aBMD in males, generally when the adjustment for intensity-gradient was from > 1-s epochs. Intensity and volume were important for bone outcomes in both sexes and males, respectively. A 1 to 5-s epoch length was most appropriate to assess the mutually adjusted associations of intensity-gradient and average-acceleration with bone outcomes in young adults.
Abstract.
2022
Duncombe S, Barker A, Bond B, Earle R, Varley-Campbell J, Vlachopoulos D, Walker J, Weston K, Stylianou M (2022). School-based high-intensity interval training programs in children and adolescents: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (vol 24, pg S78, 2021).
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND MEDICINE IN SPORT,
25(3), E11-E11.
Author URL.
Duncombe SL, Barker AR, Bond B, Earle R, Varley-Campbell J, Vlachopoulos D, Walker JL, Weston KL, Stylianou M (2022). School-based high-intensity interval training programs in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
PLOS ONE,
17(5), e0266427-e0266427.
Abstract:
School-based high-intensity interval training programs in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Purpose
1) to investigate the effectiveness of school-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) interventions in promoting health outcomes of children and adolescents compared with either a control group or other exercise modality; and 2) to explore the intervention characteristics and process outcomes of published school-based HIIT interventions.
Methods
We searched Medline, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science from inception until 31 March 2021. Studies were eligible if 1) participants aged 5–17 years old; 2) a HIIT intervention within a school setting ≥ 2 weeks duration; 3) a control or comparative exercise group; 4) health-related, cognitive, physical activity, nutrition, or program evaluation outcomes; and 5) original research published in English. We conducted meta-analyses between HIIT and control groups for all outcomes with ≥ 4 studies and meta-regressions for all outcomes with ≥ 10 studies. We narratively synthesised results between HIIT and comparative exercise groups.
Results
Fifty-four papers met eligibility criteria, encompassing 42 unique studies (35 randomised controlled trials; 36 with a high risk of bias). Meta-analyses indicated significant improvements in waist circumference (mean difference (MD) = -2.5cm), body fat percentage (MD = -1.7%), body mass index (standardised mean difference (SMD) = -1.0), cardiorespiratory fitness (SMD = +1.0), resting heart rate (MD = -5bpm), homeostatic model assessment–insulin resistance (MD = -0.7), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (SMD = -0.9) for HIIT compared to the control group. Our narrative synthesis indicated mixed findings between HIIT and other comparative exercise groups.
Conclusion
School-based HIIT is effective for improving several health outcomes. Future research should address the paucity of information on physical activity and nutrition outcomes and focus on the integration and long-term effectiveness of HIIT interventions within school settings.
Trial registration number
PROSPERO CRD42018117567.
Abstract.
Constable A, Vlachopoulos D, Barker A (2022). The Mediating Role of Endocrine Factors in the Positive Relationship Between Fat Mass and Bone Mineral Content in Children Aged 9–11 Years: the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children Study.
Frontiers in EndocrinologyAbstract:
The Mediating Role of Endocrine Factors in the Positive Relationship Between Fat Mass and Bone Mineral Content in Children Aged 9–11 Years: the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children Study
Introduction: We aimed to investigate whether the relationship between fat mass and bone mineral content (BMC) is mediated by insulin, leptin, adiponectin, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, testosterone and estradiol in children aged 9-11 years.
Materials and Methods: We utilised cross-sectional data from the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children study (n = 230 to 396; 112 to 203 girls). Fat mass and BMC were assessed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Endocrine factors were assessed from fasted blood samples. We applied the novel 4-way decomposition method to analyse associations between fat mass, endocrine factors, and BMC.
Results: Fat mass was positively associated with BMC in girls (ß = 0.007 to 0.015, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.005 to 0.020) and boys (ß = 0.009 to 0.015, 95% CI 0.005 to 0.019). The relationship between fat mass and BMC was mediated by free leptin index in girls (ß = -0.025, 95% CI -0.039 to -0.010) and boys (ß = -0.014, 95% CI -0.027 to -0.001). The relationship between fat mass and BMC was partially explained by mediated interaction between fat mass and free leptin index in boys (ß = -0.009, 95% CI -0.013 to -0.004) and by interaction between fat mass and adiponectin in girls (ß = -0.003, 95% CI -0.006 to -0.000).
Conclusion: at greater levels of adiponectin and free leptin index, the fat mass and BMC relationship becomes less positive in girls and boys respectively. The positive association between fat mass with BMC was largely not explained by the endocrine factors we assessed.
Clinical Trial Registration: [https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01803776], identifier NCT01803776.
Keywords: adiposity, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, DXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), paediatric
Abstract.
2021
Agostinete RR, Werneck AO, Maillane-Vanegas S, Gracia-Marco L, Ubago-Guisado E, Constable AM, Fernandes RA, Vlachopoulos D (2021). The Mediating Role of Lean Soft Tissue in the Relationship between Somatic Maturation and Bone Density in Adolescent Practitioners and Non-Practitioners of Sports.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,
18(6), 3008-3008.
Abstract:
The Mediating Role of Lean Soft Tissue in the Relationship between Somatic Maturation and Bone Density in Adolescent Practitioners and Non-Practitioners of Sports
This study aimed to identify the mediating effect of lean soft tissue (LST) in the association between somatic maturation and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) in adolescents by sex and sport participation. The sample included 558 adolescents (401 males, mean age of 14.0 years) that were practitioners of sports (11 sport modalities, n = 402) and a non-sport group (n = 157). Somatic maturation was assessed by using a validated peak height velocity prediction equation. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to assess aBMD (upper and lower limbs, spine and total body less head—TBLH) and LST. For both sexes, LST mediated the association between somatic maturation and aBMD at all skeletal sites (mediation percentage ranging from 36.3% to 75.4%). For sport and non-sport groups, the LST also mediated the association between somatic maturation and aBMD at all skeletal sites (mediation percentage ranging from 51.6% to 85.6%). The direct effect was observed in all groups, except for lower limbs and TBLH in the non-sport group. The association between somatic maturation and aBMD was mediated by LST in adolescents of both sexes and regardless of involvement in organized sports. Our findings highlighted the role of improving LST to mitigate the association of somatic maturation with aBMD.
Abstract.
Constable AM, Porter JE, Benger D, Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Moore SA, Soininen S, Haapala EA, Westgate K, Brage S, et al (2021). The Positive Relationship between Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and Bone Mineral Content is Not Mediated by Free Leptin Index in Prepubertal Children: the PANIC Study.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,
18(10), 5365-5365.
Abstract:
The Positive Relationship between Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and Bone Mineral Content is Not Mediated by Free Leptin Index in Prepubertal Children: the PANIC Study
Purpose: Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) positively influences bone mineral content (BMC) in prepubertal children, but it is unknown whether this relationship is partially mediated by free leptin index. The aim of this study was to examine whether the relationship between MVPA and total body less head (TBLH) BMC is mediated or moderated by free leptin index in prepubertal children. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis on 401 children (194 girls) from baseline examinations of the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Childhood Study. We applied the four-way decomposition mediation analysis method to assess whether free leptin index, measured from fasted blood samples, mediated the relationship between accelerometer-measured MVPA and TBLH BMC measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: MVPA had a positive controlled direct effect on TBLH BMC in girls and boys (β = 0.010 to 0.011, p < 0.05). There was no mediation or interaction between MVPA, free leptin index and TBLH BMC in girls or boys (β = −0.000 to 0.001, p > 0.05). Conclusion: Our study indicates that MVPA positively influences TBLH BMC through pathways not related to free leptin index in predominantly normal-weight prepubertal children, likely primarily through mechanical loading. The relationships between MVPA, free leptin index and TBLH BMC may be influenced by other factors such as pubertal status and adiposity, so it is unknown whether these observations extend to overweight and obese children at different stages of puberty.
Abstract.
Ojanen X, Cheng R, Törmäkangas T, Rappaport N, Wilmanski T, Wu N, Fung E, Nedelec R, Sebert S, Vlachopoulos D, et al (2021). Towards early risk biomarkers: serum metabolic signature in childhood predicts cardio-metabolic risk in adulthood.
EBioMedicine,
72Abstract:
Towards early risk biomarkers: serum metabolic signature in childhood predicts cardio-metabolic risk in adulthood.
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases may originate in childhood. Biomarkers identifying individuals with increased risk for disease are needed to support early detection and to optimise prevention strategies. METHODS: in this prospective study, by applying a machine learning to high throughput NMR-based metabolomics data, we identified circulating childhood metabolic predictors of adult cardiovascular disease risk (MetS score) in a cohort of 396 females, followed from childhood (mean age 11·2 years) to early adulthood (mean age 18·1 years). The results obtained from the discovery cohort were validated in a large longitudinal birth cohort of females and males followed from puberty to adulthood (n = 2664) and in four cross-sectional data sets (n = 6341). FINDINGS: the identified childhood metabolic signature included three circulating biomarkers, glycoprotein acetyls (GlycA), large high-density lipoprotein phospholipids (L-HDL-PL), and the ratio of apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoB/ApoA) that were associated with increased cardio-metabolic risk in early adulthood (AUC = 0·641‒0·802, all p
Abstract.
Author URL.
2020
Agostinete RR, Vlachopoulos D, Werneck AO, Maillane-Vanegas S, Lynch KR, Naughton G, Fernandes RA (2020). Bone accrual over 18 months of participation in different loading sports during adolescence. Archives of Osteoporosis, 15(1).
Tomlinson O, Vlachopoulos D (2020). Desaturation during exercise is not a sufficient mechanism for prediction of osteoporosis in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. BMC Pulmonary Medicine, 20, 23-23.
Theocharidis A, McKinlay BJ, Vlachopoulos D, Josse AR, Falk B, Klentrou P (2020). Effects of post exercise protein supplementation on markers of bone turnover in adolescent swimmers.
J Int Soc Sports Nutr,
17(1).
Abstract:
Effects of post exercise protein supplementation on markers of bone turnover in adolescent swimmers.
BACKGROUND: This study examined the effects of whey protein supplementation, compared with an isocaloric carbohydrate beverage and water, consumed immediately following an intense swimming trial on bone turnover in adolescent swimmers. METHODS: Fifty-eight (31 female, 27 male) swimmers (14.1 ± 0.4 years) were stratified into three groups matched for age, sex and body mass. The protein and carbohydrate groups consumed two isocaloric post-exercise beverages each containing 0.3 g.kg- 1 of whey protein (with ~ 6 mg of calcium) or maltodextrin while the control group consumed water. Participants provided a morning, fasted, resting blood sample, then performed an intense swimming trial consisting of a maximal 200 m swim followed by a high intensity interval swimming protocol (5x100m, 5x50m and 5x25m; 1:1 work-to-rest ratio). Following swimming, they consumed their first respective post-exercise beverage, and 2 h later, they performed a second maximal swim immediately followed by the second beverage. Approximately 3 h after the second beverage, two post-consumption blood samples were collected at 8 h and 24 h from baseline. Procollagen type 1 intact N-terminal propeptide (PINP) and carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks (CTXI) were measured in serum. The multiples of medians of PINP and CTXI were also used to calculate bone turnover rate and balance. RESULTS: No significant changes were observed in PINP. CTXI increased (+ 11%) at 8 h in all groups, but then significantly decreased (- 22%) at 24 h in the protein group only. The protein group also had a significantly higher calculated rate of bone turnover at 8 h and 24 h compared to baseline, which was not observed in the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results shed light on the potential importance of protein consumed shortly after intense swimming in promoting positive bone turnover responses up to 24 h following exercise in adolescent athletes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov PRS; NCT04114045. Registered 1 October 2019 - Retrospectively registered.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Vlachopoulos D, Williams C, Helge E, Aagaard P, Jørgensen N, Krustrup P (2020). Football for promotion of bone health across lifespan. In Krustrup P, Parnell D (Eds.)
Football as Medicine: Prescribing football for global health promotion, Routledge, 41-57.
Abstract:
Football for promotion of bone health across lifespan.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Gil-Cosano JJ, Ubago-Guisado E, Sánchez MJ, Ortega-Acosta MJ, Mateos ME, Benito-Bernal AI, Llorente-Cantarero FJ, Ortega FB, Ruiz JR, Labayen I, et al (2020). The effect of an online exercise programme on bone health in paediatric cancer survivors (iBoneFIT): study protocol of a multi-centre randomized controlled trial.
BMC Public Health,
20(1).
Abstract:
The effect of an online exercise programme on bone health in paediatric cancer survivors (iBoneFIT): study protocol of a multi-centre randomized controlled trial
Abstract
. Background
. New approaches on paediatric cancer treatment aim to maintain long-term health. As a result of radiotherapy, chemotherapy or surgery, paediatric cancer survivors tend to suffer from any chronic health condition. Endocrine dysfunction represents one of the most common issues and affects bone health. Exercise is key for bone mass accrual during growth, specifically plyometric jump training. The iBoneFIT study will investigate the effect of a 9-month online exercise programme on bone health in paediatric cancer survivors. This study will also examine the effect of the intervention on body composition, physical fitness, physical activity, calcium intake, vitamin D, blood samples quality of life and mental health.
.
. Methods
. A minimum of 116 participants aged 6 to 18 years will be randomized into an intervention (n = 58) or control group (n = 58). The intervention group will receive an online exercise programme and diet counselling on calcium and vitamin D. In addition, five behaviour change techniques and a gamification design will be implemented in order to increase the interest of this non-game programme. The control group will only receive diet counselling. Participants will be assessed on 3 occasions: 1) at baseline; 2) after the 9 months of the intervention; 3) 4 months following the intervention. The primary outcome will be determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and the hip structural analysis, trabecular bone score and 3D-DXA softwares. Secondary outcomes will include anthropometry, body composition, physical fitness, physical activity, calcium and vitamin D intake, blood samples, quality of life and mental health.
.
. Discussion
. Whether a simple, feasible and short in duration exercise programme can improve bone health has not been examined in paediatric cancer survivors. This article describes the design, rationale and methods of a study intended to test the effect of a rigorous online exercise programme on bone health in paediatric cancer survivors. If successful, the iBoneFIT study will contribute to decrease chronic health conditions in this population and will have a positive impact in the society.
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. Trial registration
. Prospectively registered in isrctn.com: isrctn61195625. Registered 2 April 2020.
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Abstract.
2019
Gracia-Marco L, García-Fontana B, Ubago-Guisado E, Vlachopoulos D, García-Martín A, Muñoz-Torres M (2019). Analysis of Bone Impairment by 3D DXA Hip Measures in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism: a Pilot Study.
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism,
105(1), 175-184.
Abstract:
Analysis of Bone Impairment by 3D DXA Hip Measures in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism: a Pilot Study
Abstract
.
. Context
. Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) has been related to bone loss. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) cannot distinguish between trabecular and cortical bone compartments but the recently developed three-dimensional (3D)-DXA software might overcome this issue.
.
.
. Objective
. To examine the differences in DXA-derived areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and 3D-DXA parameters at the hip site between patients with PHPT and a healthy control group.
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.
. Design
. Cross-sectional pilot study
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.
. Setting
. Hospital
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. Patients
. 80 adults (59.5 ± 9.1 yrs), 40 with PHPT and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy controls.
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.
. Measures
. aBMD (g/cm2) of the femoral neck, trochanter, shaft, and total hip was assessed using DXA. Cortical surface (sBMD, mg/cm2), cortical volumetric BMD (vBMD, mg/cm3), trabecular vBMD (mg/cm3), integral vBMD (mg/cm3) and cortical thickness (mm) was assessed using 3D-DXA software.
.
.
. Results
. Mean-adjusted values showed lower aBMD (7.5%-12.2%, effect size: 0.51-1.01) in the PHPT group compared with the control group (all P &lt; 0.05). 3D-DXA revealed bone impairment (3.7%-8.5%, effect size: 0.47-0.65) in patients with PHPT, mainly in cortical parameters (all P &lt; 0.05). However, differences in trabecular vBMD were not statistically significant (P = 0.055). The 3D mapping showed lower cortical sBMD, cortical vBMD, and cortical thickness at the trochanter and diaphysis in the PHPT group (P &lt; 0.05) compared with the control group. In both groups, the presence of osteopenia or osteoporosis is related to lower cortical bone.
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.
. Conclusions
. aBMD and cortical 3D parameters are impaired in patients with PHPT versus healthy controls. The vBMD of the trabecular compartment seems to be affected, although to a lesser extent.
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Abstract.
Ubago-Guisado E, Cavero-Redondo I, Alvarez-Bueno C, Vlachopoulos D, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Gracia-Marco L (2019). Bone Health in Children and Youth with Cystic Fibrosis: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Matched Cohort Studies. The Journal of Pediatrics, 215, 178-186.e16.
Ubago-Guisado E, Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Christoffersen T, Metcalf B, Gracia-Marco L (2019). Effect of maturational timing on bone health in male adolescent athletes engaged in different sports: the PRO-BONE study.
J Sci Med Sport,
22(3), 253-258.
Abstract:
Effect of maturational timing on bone health in male adolescent athletes engaged in different sports: the PRO-BONE study.
OBJECTIVES: to describe differences in bone outcomes according to biological age in male athletes participating in osteogenic (OS) or non-osteogenic (NOS) sports. DESIGN: Longitudinal (12-months). METHODS: 104 adolescents (12-14years) were measured at baseline and after 1y: OS group (n=37 football or soccer players) and NOS group (n=39 swimmers, n=28 cyclists). Years from peak height velocity (PHV, -2 to +2) was used as a maturational landmark. Bone mineral content (BMC) was assessed using DXA. Hip structural analysis estimated cross-sectional area (CSA), cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI) and section modulus (Z) at the femoral neck (FN). Trabecular bone score (TBS) estimated lumbar spine (LS) texture. Quantitative ultrasound measured bone stiffness. Multilevel regression models adjusted by hours of training were fitted. RESULTS: Compared to NOS, OS had significantly greater total body (less head) BMC from PHV to +2years from PHV (from 9.5% to 11.3%, respectively); LS BMC from -1years from PHV to PHV (from 9.8% to 9.9%); hip BMC (from 11.6% to 22.9%), FN BMC (from 12.0% to 15.9%), TBS (from 4.2% to 4.8%) and stiffness index (from 11.9% to 23.3%) from -1years from PHV to +2years from PHV; and CSA (from 8.4% to 18.8%), Z (from 5.5% to 22.9%) and CSMI (from 10.6% to 23.3%) from -2years from PHV to +2years from PHV. There was a significant trend for the between-group differences to increase with biological age except for LS BMC and TBS. CONCLUSIONS: These findings underline the differential bone response to different sports throughout the years surrounding PHV in male adolescent athletes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN17982776.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Vlachopoulos D, Barker A, Williams C, Gracia-Marco L (2019). How Different Loading Sports and a 9-Month Plyometric Intervention Programme Affect Bone Turnover Markers During Adolescence: the PRO-BONE Study. the 9th Conference of Biochemistry and Physiology of Exercise.
Abstract:
How Different Loading Sports and a 9-Month Plyometric Intervention Programme Affect Bone Turnover Markers During Adolescence: the PRO-BONE Study
Abstract.
Lynch KR, Anokye NK, Vlachopoulos D, Barbieri FA, Turi-Lynch BC, Codogno JS, Agostinete RR, Fernandes RA (2019). Impact of sports participation on incidence of bone traumatic fractures and health-care costs among adolescents: ABCD – Growth Study. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 48(3), 298-303.
2018
Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Ubago-Guisado E, Williams CA, Gracia-Marco L (2018). A 9-month Jumping Intervention to Improve Bone Acquisition in Adolescent Male Athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 50(5S).
Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Ubago-Guisado E, Williams CA, Gracia-Marco L (2018). A 9-month jumping intervention to improve bone geometry in adolescent male athletes.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,
50(12), 2544-2554.
Abstract:
A 9-month jumping intervention to improve bone geometry in adolescent male athletes
© 2018 Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.All Rights Reserved. Purpose Sports have different effects on bone development and effective interventions to improve bone health of adolescent athletes are needed. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of a 9-month jumping intervention on bone geometry and metabolism in adolescent male athletes. Methods Ninety-three adolescent (14.1 yr old) male swimmers (SWI), footballers (FOO), and cyclists (CYC) were randomized to intervention and sport (INT-SWI = 19, INT-FOO = 15, and INT-CYC = 14) or sport only (CON-SWI = 18, CON-FOO = 15, and CON-CYC = 12) groups. Cross-sectional area, cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI), and section modulus (Z) at the femoral neck were assessed using hip structural analysis and trabecular texture of the lumbar spine using trabecular bone score. Bone mineral content (BMC) at femoral neck and lumbar spine was assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Serum N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I, isomer of the carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen, total serum calcium, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were analyzed. Results INT-CYC acquired significantly higher lumbar spine BMC (4.6%) and femoral neck BMC (9.8%) than CON-CYC. INT-CYC acquired significantly higher cross-sectional area (11.0%), CSMI (10.1%), and trabecular bone score (4.4%) than CON-CYC. INT-SWI acquired significantly higher femoral neck BMC (6.0%) and CSMI (10.9%) than CON-SWI. There were no significant differences between INT-FOO and CON-FOO in any bone outcomes. N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I significantly decreased in CON-SWI, INT-FOO, CON-FOO, and CON-CYC. Carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen significantly decreased in CON-SWI and CON-CYC. The 25-hydroxyvitamin D significantly increased in INT-CYC, CON-CYC, INT-FOO, and CON-FOO. Conclusions a 9-month jumping intervention improved bone outcomes in adolescent swimmers and cyclists, but not in footballers. This intervention might be used by sports clubs to improve bone health of adolescent athletes.
Abstract.
Torres-Costoso A, Vlachopoulos D, Ubago-Guisado E, Ferri-Morales A, Cavero-Redondo I, Martínez-Vizcaino V, Gracia-Marco L (2018). Agreement Between Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry and Quantitative Ultrasound to Evaluate Bone Health in Adolescents: the PRO-BONE Study.
Pediatr Exerc Sci,
30(4), 466-473.
Abstract:
Agreement Between Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry and Quantitative Ultrasound to Evaluate Bone Health in Adolescents: the PRO-BONE Study.
PURPOSE: the present study aims to investigate the association between dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and quantitative ultrasound (QUS) parameters and the intermethods agreement in active males. METHODS: in this cross-sectional study, bone health (by DXA and calcaneal QUS), physical activity (by accelerometers), and anthropometrics measurements were assessed in 117 active adolescents (12-14 y old). Bivariate correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the relationships between DXA standard regions of interest and QUS parameters. Intraclass correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots were used to assess the level of agreement between bone mineral content regions derived from DXA and stiffness index. The measurements were z score transformed for comparison. RESULTS: Most QUS parameters were positive and significantly correlated with DXA outcomes (stiffness index: r = .43-.52; broadband ultrasound attenuation: r = .50-.58; speed of sound: r = .25-.27) with the hip showing the highest correlations. Moreover, the present study found fair to good intraclass correlation coefficients of agreement (.60-.68) between DXA and QUS to assess bone health. The Bland-Altman analysis showed a limited percentage of outliers (3.2%-8.6%). CONCLUSION: QUS device could represent an acceptable alternative method to assess bone health in active adolescent males.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Ferri-Morales A, Nascimento-Ferreira MV, Vlachopoulos D, Ubago-Guisado E, Torres-Costoso A, De Moraes ACF, Barker AR, Moreno LA, Martínez-Vizcaino V, Gracia-Marco L, et al (2018). Agreement Between Standard Body Composition Methods to Estimate Percentage of Body Fat in Young Male Athletes.
Pediatr Exerc Sci,
30(3), 402-410.
Abstract:
Agreement Between Standard Body Composition Methods to Estimate Percentage of Body Fat in Young Male Athletes.
PURPOSE: to examine the intermethods agreement of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and foot-to-foot bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to assess the percentage of body fat (%BF) in young male athletes using air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) as the reference method. METHODS: Standard measurement protocols were carried out in 104 athletes (40 swimmers, 37 footballers, and 27 cyclists, aged 12-14 y). RESULTS: Age-adjusted %BF ADP and %BF BIA were significantly higher in swimmers than footballers. ADP correlates better with DXA than with BIA (r = .84 vs r = .60, P
Abstract.
Author URL.
Barker A, Gracia-Marco L, Vlachopoulos D, Williams C (2018). Growth, Maturation, and Physical Fitness. In Norton K, Eston R (Eds.) Kinanthropometry and Exercise Physiology, London: Routledge.
Vlachopoulos D, Barker A, Ubago-Guisado E, Williams C, Gracia-Marco L (2018). HOW DIFFERENT LOADING SPORTS AFFECT BONE DEVELOPMENT DURING ADOLESCENCE AND HOW TO IMPROVE IT? THE PRO-BONE STUDY FINDINGS.
Author URL.
Ubago-Guisado E, Vlachopoulos D, Fatouros IG, Deli CK, Leontsini D, Moreno LA, Courteix D, Gracia-Marco L (2018). Longitudinal determinants of 12-month changes on bone health in adolescent male athletes.
Archives of Osteoporosis,
13(1).
Abstract:
Longitudinal determinants of 12-month changes on bone health in adolescent male athletes
© 2018, the Author(s). Summary: We identified the determinants of 12-month changes of areal bone mineral density (aBMD), hip geometry and trabecular bone score (TBS) in adolescent male athletes. Changes in region-specific lean mass and the type of sport are the most consistent determinants in this population. Purpose: This study aims to identify the determinants of 12-month changes of areal bone mineral density (aBMD), hip geometry and trabecular bone score (TBS) in adolescent male athletes. Methods: the sample was 104 adolescent males aged 12–14 years at baseline that were followed over 12 months: 39 swimmers, 37 footballers (or soccer players) and 28 cyclists. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measured aBMD at the whole body, lumbar spine and dual hip. Hip geometry estimates at the femoral neck were measured using hip structural analysis. Lumbar spine texture was measured by TBS. Results: Multivariate regression models significantly explained 38–60% of the variance in the aBMD changes, 36–62% in the hip geometry estimates changes and 45% in the TBS changes. Δregion-specific lean mass was the most consistent predictor of changes in aBMD outcomes (β = 0.591 to 0.696), followed by cycling participation (β = − 0.233 to − 0.262), swimming participation (β = − 0.315 to − 0.336) and ΔMVPA (β = 0.165). Cycling participation was the most consistent predictor of changes in hip geometry estimates (β = − 0.174 to − 0.268), followed by Δregion-specific lean mass (β = 0.587) and Δcardiorespiratory fitness (β = 0.253). Finally, cycling and swimming participation (β = − 0.347 to − 0.453), Δregion-specific lean mass (β = 0.848) and Δstature (β = 0.720) were predictors of change in TBS. Conclusions: Changes in region-specific lean mass and the type of sport are the most consistent determinants of 12-month changes in aBMD, hip geometry estimates and TBS in adolescent male athletes. Trial registration: ISRCTN17982776.
Abstract.
Chatzinikolaou A, Michaloglou K, Avloniti A, Leontsini D, Deli CK, Vlachopoulos D, Gracia Marco L, Arsenis S, Athanailidis I, Draganidis D, et al (2018). The Trainability of Adolescent Soccer Players to Brief Periodized Complex Training. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13, 645-655.
Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Ubago-Guisado E, Ortega FB, Krustrup P, Metcalf B, Castro Pinero J, Ruiz JR, Knapp KM, Williams CA, et al (2018). The effect of 12-month participation in osteogenic and non-osteogenic sports on bone development in adolescent male athletes. The PRO-BONE study.
J Sci Med Sport,
21(4), 404-409.
Abstract:
The effect of 12-month participation in osteogenic and non-osteogenic sports on bone development in adolescent male athletes. The PRO-BONE study.
OBJECTIVES: Research investigating the longitudinal effects of the most popular sports on bone development in adolescent males is scarce. The aim is to investigate the effect of 12-month participation in osteogenic and non-osteogenic sports on bone development. DESIGN: a 12-month study was conducted in adolescent males involved in football, swimming and cycling and compared with an active control group. METHODS: 116 adolescent males (13.1±0.1years at baseline): 37 footballers, 37 swimmers, 28 cyclists and 14 active controls were followed for 12 months. Bone mineral content (BMC) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and bone stiffness was measured by quantitative ultrasound. Bone outcomes at 12 months were adjusted for baseline bone status, age, height, lean mass and moderate to vigorous physical activity. RESULTS: Footballers had higher improvement in adjusted BMC at the total body, total hip, shaft, Ward's triangle, legs and bone stiffness compared to cyclists (6.3-8.0%). Footballers had significantly higher adjusted BMC at total body, shaft and legs compared to swimmers (5.4-5.6%). There was no significant difference between swimmers and cyclists for any bone outcomes. Swimming and cycling participation resulted in non-significant lower bone development at most sites of the skeleton compared to controls (-4.3 to -0.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Football participation induces significantly greater improvements in BMC and bone stiffness over 12 months compared to cycling and swimming. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN17982776.
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Author URL.
Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Ubago-Guisado E, Williams CA, Gracia-Marco L (2018). The effect of a high-impact jumping intervention on bone mass, bone stiffness and fitness parameters in adolescent athletes.
Arch Osteoporos,
13(1).
Abstract:
The effect of a high-impact jumping intervention on bone mass, bone stiffness and fitness parameters in adolescent athletes.
UNLABELLED: This study demonstrates that a 9-month jumping intervention can improve bone mass gains and physical fitness performance in adolescent males participating in non-osteogenic sports, such as swimming and cycling. PURPOSE: to examine the effect of a jumping intervention on bone mass, bone stiffness and fitness parameters in adolescents involved in different sports. METHODS: Ninety-three adolescent male swimmers (SWI), footballers (FOO) and cyclists (CYC) were randomised to intervention (INT) and sport (INT-SWI = 19, INT-FOO = 15, INT-CYC = 14) or sport only (CON-SWI = 18, CON-FOO = 15, CON-CYC = 12) groups. The 9-month jumping intervention consisted of 3 levels (12 weeks each) of 20 repetitions per set of counter movement jumps (CMJ) using adjustable weight vests (level 1 = 20 CMJ jumps/set, 0 kg, 3 sets/day, 3 times/week; level 2 = 20 CMJ jumps/set, 2 kg, 4 sets/day, 3 times/week; level 3 = 20 CMJ jumps/set, 5 kg, 4 sets/day, 4 times/week). Total body bone mineral content (BMC) at total body less head (TBLH) was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and bone stiffness using quantitative ultrasound. Fitness was assessed using the 20-m shuttle run (20mSRT), CMJ and standing long jump (SLJ) tests. RESULTS: INT-SWI had significantly higher increase in BMC legs and bone stiffness compared to CON-SWI (4.2-12.7%). INT-CYC had significantly higher increase in BMC at TBLH and legs and bone stiffness compared to CON-CYC (5.0-12.3%). There were no significant differences between INT-FOO and CON-FOO in any bone outcomes (0.9-3.9%). The increase in CMJ performance was significantly higher in INT-SWI (3.1 cm) and INT-CYC (3.2 cm) compared to CON-SWI and CON-CYC groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: a 9-month jumping intervention can improve bone mass, bone stiffness and muscular fitness in adolescent males participating in non-osteogenic sports, such as swimming and cycling. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN17982776.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Vlachopoulos D (2018). The impact of different loading sports and a jumping intervention on bone health in adolescent males: the PRO-BONE study. British Journal of Sports Medicine
2017
Forero-Bogotá MA, Ojeda-Pardo ML, García-Hermoso A, Correa-Bautista JE, González-Jiménez E, Schmidt-RíoValle J, Navarro-Pérez CF, Gracia-Marco L, Vlachopoulos D, Martínez-Torres J, et al (2017). Body Composition, Nutritional Profile and Muscular Fitness Affect Bone Health in a Sample of Schoolchildren from Colombia: the Fuprecol Study.
Nutrients,
9(2).
Abstract:
Body Composition, Nutritional Profile and Muscular Fitness Affect Bone Health in a Sample of Schoolchildren from Colombia: the Fuprecol Study.
The objective of the present study is to investigate the relationships between body composition, nutritional profile, muscular fitness (MF) and bone health in a sample of children and adolescents from Colombia. Participants included 1118 children and adolescents (54.6% girls). Calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation (c-BUA) was obtained as a marker of bone health. Body composition (fat mass and lean mass) was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Furthermore height, weight, waist circumference and Tanner stage were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Standing long-jump (SLJ) and isometric handgrip dynamometry were used respectively as indicators of lower and upper body muscular fitness. A muscular index score was also computed by summing up the standardised values of both SLJ and handgrip strength. Dietary intake and degree of adherence to the Mediterranean diet were assessed by a 7-day recall questionnaire for food frequency and the Kidmed questionnaire. Poor bone health was considered using a z-score cut off of ≤-1.5 standard deviation. Once the results were adjusted for age and Tanner stage, the predisposing factors of having a c-BUA z-score ≤-1.5 standard deviation included being underweight or obese, having an unhealthy lean mass, having an unhealthy fat mass, SLJ performance, handgrip performance, and unhealthy muscular index score. In conclusion, body composition (fat mass and lean body mass) and MF both influenced bone health in a sample of children and adolescents from Colombia. Thus promoting strength adaptation and preservation in Colombian youth will help to improve bone health, an important protective factor against osteoporosis in later life.
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Author URL.
Ubago-Guisado E, Vlachopoulos D, de MAC, Torres-Costoso A, Wilkinson K, Metcalf B, Sanchez-Sanchez J, Gallardo L, Gracia-Marco L (2017). Cardiorespiratory fitness, bone mineral density and hip geometry in young males: the PRO-BONE study. Bone Abstracts
Jamurtas AZ, Leontsini D, Avloniti A, Vlachopoulos D, Stampoulis T, Chatzinikolaou A, Gracia-Marco L, Ubago-Guisado E, Makris K, Tournis S, et al (2017). Circulating Sclerostin Responses to Acute Weight and Non Weight Bearing Sport Activity in Pre Adolescent Males.
Author URL.
Vlachopoulos D, Ubago-Guisado E, Barker AR, Metcalf BS, Fatouros IG, Avloniti A, Knapp KM, Moreno LA, Williams CA, Gracia-Marco L, et al (2017). Determinants of Bone Outcomes in Adolescent Athletes at Baseline: the PRO-BONE Study.
Med Sci Sports Exerc,
49(7), 1389-1396.
Abstract:
Determinants of Bone Outcomes in Adolescent Athletes at Baseline: the PRO-BONE Study.
PURPOSE: the determinants of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and hip geometry estimates in adolescent athletes are poorly understood. This study aimed to identify the determinants of aBMD and hip geometry estimates in adolescent male athletes. METHODS: One hundred twenty-one men (13.1 ± 0.1 yr) were measured: 41 swimmers, 37 footballers, 29 cyclists, and 14 controls. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry measured aBMD at lumbar spine, femoral neck and total body. Hip structural analysis evaluated hip geometry estimates at the femoral neck. Multiple linear regression examined the contribution of the sports practised, stature, lean and fat mass, serum calcium and vitamin D, moderate to vigorous physical activity, vertical jump and cardiorespiratory fitness with aBMD and hip geometry estimates. RESULTS: Region-specific lean mass was the strongest positive predictor of aBMD (β = 0.614-0.931) and football participation was the next strongest predictor (β = 0.304-0.579). Stature (β = 0.235-0.380), fat mass (β = 0.189), serum calcium (β = 0.103), serum vitamin D (β = 0.104-0.139), and vertical jump (β = 0.146-0.203) were associated with aBMD across various specific sites. All hip geometry estimates were associated with lean mass (β = 0.370 - 0.568) and stature (β = 0.338-0.430). Football participation was associated with hip cross-sectional area (β = 0.322) and moderate to vigorous physical activity (β = 0.140-0.142). Cardiorespiratory fitness (β = 0.183-0.207) was associated with section modulus and cross-sectional moment of inertia. CONCLUSIONS: Region-specific lean mass is the strongest determinant of aBMD and hip geometry estimates in adolescent male athletes. Football participation and stature were important determinants for aBMD and hip geometry estimates, whereas the contribution of the other predictors was site specific.
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Author URL.
Avloniti A, Chatzinikolaou A, Deli CK, Vlachopoulos D, Gracia-Marco L, Leontsini D, Draganidis D, Jamurtas AZ, Mastorakos G, Fatouros IG, et al (2017). Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress Responses in the Pediatric Population.
Antioxidants (Basel),
6(1).
Abstract:
Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress Responses in the Pediatric Population.
Adults demonstrate an upregulation of their pro- and anti-oxidant mechanisms in response to acute exercise while systematic exercise training enhances their antioxidant capacity, thereby leading to a reduced generation of free radicals both at rest and in response to exercise stress. However, less information exists regarding oxidative stress responses and the underlying mechanisms in the pediatric population. Evidence suggests that exercise-induced redox perturbations may be valuable in order to monitor exercise-induced inflammatory responses and as such training overload in children and adolescents as well as monitor optimal growth and development. The purpose of this review was to provide an update on oxidative stress responses to acute and chronic exercise in youth. It has been documented that acute exercise induces age-specific transient alterations in both oxidant and antioxidant markers in children and adolescents. However, these responses seem to be affected by factors such as training phase, training load, fitness level, mode of exercise etc. In relation to chronic adaptation, the role of training on oxidative stress adaptation has not been adequately investigated. The two studies performed so far indicate that children and adolescents exhibit positive adaptations of their antioxidant system, as adults do. More studies are needed in order to shed light on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses, following acute exercise and training adaptations in youth. Available evidence suggests that small amounts of oxidative stress may be necessary for growth whereas the transition to adolescence from childhood may promote maturation of pro- and anti-oxidant mechanisms. Available evidence also suggests that obesity may negatively affect basal and exercise-related antioxidant responses in the peripubertal period during pre- and early-puberty.
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Author URL.
Ubago-Guisado E, Vlachopoulos D, Ferreira de Moraes AC, Torres-Costoso A, Wilkinson K, Metcalf B, Sánchez-Sánchez J, Gallardo L, Gracia-Marco L (2017). Lean mass explains the association between muscular fitness and bone outcomes in 13-year-old boys.
Acta Paediatr,
106(10), 1658-1665.
Abstract:
Lean mass explains the association between muscular fitness and bone outcomes in 13-year-old boys.
AIM: This study investigated the associations between fitness indices and bone outcomes in young males. METHODS: Data were collected between autumn and winter 2014-2015 on 121 males with a mean age of 13.1 ± 0.1 years: 41 swimmers, 37 footballers, 29 cyclists and 14 nonathletes. Participants were recruited from athletic clubs and schools across South West England. Lean mass, areal bone mineral density and hip structural estimates were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The relationships between bone outcomes and the vertical jump, standing long jump and the 20-m shuttle run test were analysed using three regression models: model 1 was adjusted by age and stature, model 2 added vigorous physical activity and model 3 then added lean mass. RESULTS: the boys' performance in the vertical jump and standing long jump was positively associated with the majority of bone outcomes in models 1 and 2, but most of these disappeared in model 3. The 20-m shuttle run test was positively associated with most bone outcomes in all three models. Lean mass played a key role in the association between muscular fitness and bone outcomes. CONCLUSION: Vigorous physical activity did not explain the associations between fitness and bone outcomes, but lean mass did.
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Author URL.
Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Ubago-Guisado E, Fatouros IG, Knapp KM, Williams CA, Gracia-Marco L (2017). Longitudinal Adaptations of Bone Mass, Geometry, and Metabolism in Adolescent Male Athletes: the PRO-BONE Study.
J Bone Miner Res,
32(11), 2269-2277.
Abstract:
Longitudinal Adaptations of Bone Mass, Geometry, and Metabolism in Adolescent Male Athletes: the PRO-BONE Study.
Adolescence is a crucial period for bone development, and exercise can enhance bone acquisition during this period of life. However, it is not known how the different loading sports practiced can affect bone acquisition in adolescent male athletes. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the 1-year longitudinal bone acquisition among adolescent males involved in osteogenic (football) and non-osteogenic (swimming and cycling) sports and to compare with active controls. A total of 116 adolescent males aged 12 to 14 years at baseline were followed for 1 year: 37 swimmers, 37 footballers, 28 cyclists, and 14 active controls. Bone mineral content (BMC) was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA); cross-sectional area (CSA), cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI), and section modulus (Z) at the femoral neck was assessed using hip structural analysis (HSA); and bone texture of the lumbar spine was assessed using trabecular bone score (TBS). Serum N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I (PINP), isomer of the Carboxi-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX-I), total serum calcium, and 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were analyzed. Footballers had significantly higher adjusted BMC at the lumbar spine (7.0%) and femoral neck (5.0%) compared with cyclists, and significantly greater BMC at the lumbar spine (6.9%) compared with swimmers. Footballers presented significantly greater TBS (4.3%) compared with swimmers, and greater CSMI (10.2%), CSA (7.1%), Z (8.9%) and TBS (4.2%) compared with cyclists. No differences were noted between cyclists and swimmers, both groups had similar bone acquisition compared with controls. PINP was significantly higher in footballers and controls compared with cyclists and swimmers (3.3% to 6.0%), and 25(OH)D was significantly higher in footballers and cyclists compared with swimmers and controls (9.9% to 13.1%). These findings suggest that bone acquisition is higher in adolescent male footballers compared with swimmers and cyclists at the femoral neck and lumbar spine sites of the skeleton. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Author URL.
Ubago-Guisado E, Vlachopoulos D, de MAC, Torres-Costoso A, Wilkinson K, Metcalf B, Sanchez-Sanchez J, Gallardo L, Gracia-Marco L (2017). Muscular fitness, bone mineral density and hip geometry in young males: the PRO-BONE study. Bone Abstracts
Wilkinson K, Vlachopoulos D, Klentrou P, Ubago-Guisado E, De Moraes ACF, Barker AR, Williams CA, Moreno LA, Gracia-Marco L (2017). Soft tissues, areal bone mineral density and hip geometry estimates in active young boys: the PRO-BONE study.
Eur J Appl Physiol,
117(4), 833-842.
Abstract:
Soft tissues, areal bone mineral density and hip geometry estimates in active young boys: the PRO-BONE study.
PURPOSE: Soft tissues, such as fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM), play an important role in bone development but this is poorly understood in highly active youths. The objective of this study was to determine whether FM or LM is a stronger predictor of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and hip geometry estimates in a group of physically active boys after adjusting for height, chronological age, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), FM, and LM. METHODS: Participants included 121 boys (13.1 ± 1.0 years) from the PRO-BONE study. Bone mineral content (BMC) and aBMD were measured at total body, femoral neck and lumbar spine using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and hip structural analysis was used to estimate bone geometry at the femoral neck. Body composition was assessed using DXA. The relationships of FM and LM with bone outcomes were analysed using simple and multiple linear regression analyses. RESULTS: Pearson correlation coefficients showed that total body (less head) aBMD was significantly correlated with LM but not FM. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that FM, after accounting for height, age, MVPA and LM had no significant relationship with aBMD or hip geometry estimates, except for arms aBMD. By contrast, there were positive associations between LM and most aBMD and hip geometry estimates, after accounting height, age, MVPA and FM. CONCLUSIONS: the results of this study suggest that LM, and not FM, is the stronger predictor of aBMD and hip geometry estimates in physically active boys. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov ISRCTN17982776.
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Author URL.
Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Williams CA, ARNGRíMSSON SA, Knapp KM, Metcalf BS, Fatouros IG, Moreno LA, Gracia-Marco L (2017). The Impact of Sport Participation on Bone Mass and Geometry in Male Adolescents.
Med Sci Sports Exerc,
49(2), 317-326.
Abstract:
The Impact of Sport Participation on Bone Mass and Geometry in Male Adolescents.
PURPOSE: Exercise is an effective approach for developing bone mass and adolescence is a key period to optimize bone health. However, sports-specific training may have different effects on bone outcomes. This study examined the differences on bone outcomes between osteogenic (football) and nonosteogenic (swimming and cycling) sports and a control group in male adolescents. METHODS: One hundred twenty one males (13.1 ± 0.1 yr) were measured: 41 swimmers, 37 footballers, 29 cyclists, and 14 controls. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry measured bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content at lumbar spine, right and left hip, and total body. Hip Structural Analysis evaluated bone geometry at the femoral neck. Quantitative ultrasound evaluated bone stiffness at both feet. RESULTS: Footballers had significantly higher BMD at total body less head (7%-9%), total hip (12%-21%), and legs (7%-11%) compared with all groups and significantly higher BMD at the femoral neck than controls (14%). Cyclists had higher BMD at the trochanter (10%) and bone mineral content at the arms (10%) compared with controls. Geometrical analysis showed that footballers had significantly higher cross-sectional area (8%-19%) compared with all groups, cross-sectional moment of inertia (17%) compared with controls and section modulus compared with cyclists (11%) and controls (21%). Footballers had significantly higher bone stiffness compared with all groups (10%-20%) at the dominant foot and (12%-13%) at the nondominant foot compared with swimmers and controls. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent male footballers exhibited higher bone density, geometry, and stiffness compared with swimmers, cyclists and controls. Although swimmers and cyclists had higher bone outcomes compared with controls, these differences were not significant.
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Christoffersen T, Emaus N, Dennison E, Furberg AS, Gracia-Marco L, Grimmes G, Nilsen OA, Vlachopoulos D, Winther A, Ahmed LA, et al (2017). The association between childhood fractures and adolescence bone outcomes: a population-based study, the Tromsø Study, Fit Futures. Osteoporosis International, 29, 441-450.
Christoffersen T, Ahmed LA, Daltveit AK, Dennison EM, Evensen EK, Furberg A-S, Gracia-Marco L, Grimnes G, Nilsen O-A, Schei B, et al (2017). The influence of birth weight and length on bone mineral density and content in adolescence: the Tromsø Study, Fit Futures.
Arch Osteoporos,
12(1).
Abstract:
The influence of birth weight and length on bone mineral density and content in adolescence: the Tromsø Study, Fit Futures.
UNLABELLED: the influence of birth weight and length on bone mineral parameters in adolescence is unclear. We found a positive association between birth size and bone mineral content, attenuated by lifestyle factors. This highlights the impact of environmental stimuli and lifestyle during growth. PURPOSE: the influence of birth weight and length on bone mineral density and content later in life is unclear, especially in adolescence. This study evaluated the impact of birth weight and length on bone mineral density and content among adolescents. METHODS: We included 961 participants from the population-based Fit Futures study (2010-2011). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) at femoral neck (FN), total hip (TH) and total body (TB). BMD and BMC measures were linked with birth weight and length ascertained from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Linear regression models were used to investigate the influence of birth parameters on BMD and BMC. RESULTS: Birth weight was positively associated with BMD-TB and BMC at all sites among girls; standardized β coefficients [95% CI] were 0.11 [0.01, 0.20] for BMD-TB and 0.15 [0.06, 0.24], 0.18 [0.09, 0.28] and 0.29 [0.20, 0.38] for BMC-FN, TH and TB, respectively. In boys, birth weight was positively associated with BMC at all sites with estimates of 0.10 [0.01, 0.19], 0.12 [0.03, 0.21] and 0.15 [0.07, 0.24] for FN, TH and TB, respectively. Corresponding analyses using birth length as exposure gave significantly positive associations with BMC at all sites in both sexes. The significant positive association between birth weight and BMC-TB in girls, and birth length and BMC-TB in boys remained after multivariable adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: We found a positive association between birth size and BMC in adolescence. However, this association was attenuated after adjustment for weight, height and physical activity during adolescence.
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2016
Vlachopoulos D, Gracia-Marco L, Barker AR, Huybrechts I, Moreno LA, Mouratidou T (2016). Bone health: the independent and combined effects of calcium, Vitamin D and exercise in children and adolescents. In (Ed)
Food and Nutritional Components in Focus, 530-546.
Abstract:
Bone health: the independent and combined effects of calcium, Vitamin D and exercise in children and adolescents
Abstract.
Vlachopoulos D, Barker A, Williams C, Knapp K, Metcalf B, Arngrimsson S, Fatouros I, Gracia-Marco L (2016). UK popular sports and hip differences on bone outcomes in adolescent male athletes: the PRO-BONE study. Bone Abstracts
2015
Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Williams CA, Knapp KM, Metcalf BS, Gracia-Marco L (2015). Effect of a program of short bouts of exercise on bone health in adolescents involved in different sports: the PRO-BONE study protocol.
BMC Public Health,
15Abstract:
Effect of a program of short bouts of exercise on bone health in adolescents involved in different sports: the PRO-BONE study protocol.
BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease associated with high morbidity, mortality and increased economic costs. Early prevention during adolescence appears to be one of the most beneficial practices. Exercise is an effective approach for developing bone mass during puberty, but some sports may have a positive or negative impact on bone mass accrual. Plyometric jump training has been suggested as a type of exercise that can augment bone, but its effects on adolescent bone mass have not been rigorously assessed. The aims of the PRO-BONE study are to: 1) longitudinally assess bone health and its metabolism in adolescents engaged in osteogenic (football), non-osteogenic (cycling and swimming) sports and in a control group, and 2) examine the effect of a 9 month plyometric jump training programme on bone related outcomes in the sport groups. METHODS/DESIGN: This study will recruit 105 males aged 12-14 years who have participated in sport specific training for at least 3 hours per week during the last 3 years in the following sports groups: football (n = 30), cycling (n = 30) and swimming (n = 30). An age-matched control group (n = 15) that does not engage in these sports more than 3 hours per week will also be recruited. Participants will be measured on 5 occasions: 1) at baseline; 2) after 12 months of sport specific training where each sport group will be randomly allocated into two sub-groups: intervention group (sport + plyometric jump training) and sport group (sport only); 3) exactly after the 9 months of intervention; 4) 6 months following the intervention; 5) 12 months following the intervention. Body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, air displacement plethysmography and bioelectrical impedance), bone stiffness index (ultrasounds), physical activity (accelerometers), diet (24 h recall questionnaire), pubertal maturation (Tanner stage), physical fitness (cardiorespiratory and muscular), bone turnover markers and vitamin D will be measured at each visit. DISCUSSION: the PRO-BONE study is designed to investigate the impact of osteogenic and non-osteogenic sports on bone development in adolescent males during puberty, and how a plyometric jump training programme is associated with body composition parameters.
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Author URL.
Cockcroft EJ, Williams CA, Tomlinson O, Vlachopoulos D, Jackman S, Armstrong N, Barker AR (2015). High Intensity Interval Exercise is an Effective Alternative to Moderate Intensity Exercise for Improving Insulin Sensitivity in Adolescent Boys. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport